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  • Products
    Products:
    • Air and Dirt Separators and Air Vents
      Air and Dirt Separators and Air Vents:
      • 577 XF Xtra Filtration Magnetic Dirt Separators
        577 XF Xtra Filtration Magnetic Dirt Separators:
        • 577 XF
      • Air Vents
        Air Vents:
        • Accessories
        • DISCALAIR® Automatic (up to 4.5 SCFM)
        • HYGROCAL™ Radiator Air Vent
        • MAXCAL™ Automatic (up to 9.0 SCFM)
        • MINICAL® Automatic (up to 1.75 SCFM)
        • Manual
        • ROBOCAL™ Automatic (up to 1.75 SCFM)
        • VALCAL™ Automatic (up to 2.5 SCFM)
      • DIRTMAG® Magnetic Dirt Separators
        DIRTMAG® Magnetic Dirt Separators:
        • Accessories
        • DIRTMAG® (ANSI Flange)
        • DIRTMAG® (Composite)
        • DIRTMAG® Pro (Brass)
      • DISCALDIRTMAG™ Air and Magnetic Dirt Separators
        DISCALDIRTMAG™ Air and Magnetic Dirt Separators:
        • Accessories
        • DISCALDIRTMAG™ (ANSI Flange)
        • DISCALDIRTMAG™ (Brass)
        • DISCALDIRTMAG™ (Union)
      • DISCALDIRT® Air and Dirt Separators
        DISCALDIRT® Air and Dirt Separators:
        • Accessories
        • DISCALDIRT® (ANSI Flange)
        • DISCALDIRT® (Brass)
      • DISCAL® Air Separators
        DISCAL® Air Separators:
        • Accessories
        • DISCAL® (ANSI Flange)
        • DISCAL® (Brass)
    • Backflow Prevention and Safety Devices
      Backflow Prevention and Safety Devices:
      • Backflow Preventers
        Backflow Preventers:
        • Dual Check (DuC)
        • Dual Check with atmospheric vent (DuC-AV)
        • Reduced Pressure Principle (RP)
      • Safety Devices
        Safety Devices:
        • Vacuum Relief Valves (VRV)
    • Balancing Valves
      Balancing Valves:
      • Dynamic
        Dynamic:
        • Accessories
        • FlowCal+™ (compact)
        • FlowCal+™ (y-body)
        • FlowCal™ (compact)
        • FlowCal™ (hydronics)
        • FlowCal™ (y-body)
      • Static
        Static:
        • Accessories
        • Flo-Set™
        • QuickSetter+™
        • QuickSetter™ (hydronics)
      • Thermal
        Thermal:
        • Accessories
        • ThermoSetter™ Compact
        • ThermoSetter™ Large body
        • ThermoSetter™
    • Distribution Manifolds and Mixing Stations
      Distribution Manifolds and Mixing Stations:
      • Assemblies
        Assemblies:
        • Accessories
        • TwistFlow™
      • Temperature Mixing Units
        Temperature Mixing Units:
        • Accessories
        • HydroMixer™
      • Thermostatic Manifold Mixing Stations
        Thermostatic Manifold Mixing Stations:
        • Accessories
        • Low Temperature
    • Filling Units and Boiler Trim Kits
      Filling Units and Boiler Trim Kits:
      • Automatic Filling Units
        Automatic Filling Units:
        • Accessories
        • AutoFill™ Combo
        • AutoFill™
        • Boiler Trim Kits
      • Water Treatment
        Water Treatment:
        • Accessories
        • Filling Units
        • HYDROFLUSH™ (fill and flush cart)
    • Fittings
      Fittings:
      • AutoFill™
        AutoFill™:
        • Tail pieces, union nuts, washers
      • Backflow Preventers
        Backflow Preventers:
        • Tail pieces, union nuts, washers
      • PresCal™
        PresCal™:
        • Tail pieces, union nuts, washers
      • Separators
        Separators:
        • Tail pieces, union nuts, washers
      • Small Valves
        Small Valves:
        • 1" union Fittings
        • Tail pieces, union nuts, washers
      • Threaded
        Threaded:
        • Union nuts, nipples adapters, bushings
    • Hydraulic Separators
      Hydraulic Separators:
      • 4-in-1 SEP4™
        4-in-1 SEP4™:
        • Accessories
        • SEP4™ (ANSI Flange)
        • SEP4™ (Union)
      • Hydro Separators
        Hydro Separators:
        • Accessories
        • Hydro Separator (ANSI Flange)
        • Hydro Separators (Union)
        • HydroCal™ (ANSI Flange)
    • Mixing Valves
      Mixing Valves:
      • Digital
        Digital:
        • Accessories
        • LEGIOMIX® Station
        • LEGIOMIX®
      • Thermostatic (point of distribution)
        Thermostatic (point of distribution):
        • Accessories
        • AngleMix+™
        • AngleMix™ DL
        • AngleMix™
        • MixCal+™ (high flow)
        • MixCal™
        • TankMixer™ (Thermostatic Mixing Valve Kits)
      • Thermostatic (point of use)
        Thermostatic (point of use):
        • Accessories
        • SinkMixer™
        • TubMixer™ (high flow)
        • TubMixer™ (high flow) w/ gauge
    • Pressure Reducing Valves
      Pressure Reducing Valves:
      • Diaphragm Type
        Diaphragm Type:
        • Accessories
        • PresCal™
        • Prescal™ Compact
      • Piston Type
        Piston Type:
        • PresCal™ HP
      • Two Stage PRV Kit
        Two Stage PRV Kit:
        • KIT536
    • Renewable Components and Energy Meters
      Renewable Components and Energy Meters:
      • Biomass
        Biomass:
        • Accessories
        • ThermoBloc™ (recirc and distribution units)
        • ThermoProtec™ (mixing valves)
      • Energy Meters
        Energy Meters:
        • Accessories
        • CONTECA™
      • Solar
        Solar:
        • Accessories
        • Air Vents
        • DISCAL® (air separators)
        • Mixing Valves
        • Pump Stations
        • Safety Relief Valves
    • Specialty Components and Kits
      Specialty Components and Kits:
      • Air Vents (plumbing)
        Air Vents (plumbing):
        • PLUMBVENT™
      • Anti-freeze Valves
        Anti-freeze Valves:
        • iStop®
      • Check Valves
        Check Valves:
        • Accessories
        • Check Valves (serviceable)
        • Low Lead Brass Check Valves
      • Differential Pressure Bypass
        Differential Pressure Bypass:
        • Differential Pressure Bypass Valves
      • Isolation Ball Valves
        Isolation Ball Valves:
        • Accessories
        • Isolation Valves
      • Kits
        Kits:
        • Tankless Water Heater Kits
      • Universal Flow Switch
        Universal Flow Switch:
        • Uni-Switch™
      • Y-strainers
        Y-strainers:
        • Accessories
        • NPT Y-strainer
        • Union Y-strainer (plumbing and hydronics)
        • Y-strainers (hydronics)
    • Thermostatic Radiator Valves
      Thermostatic Radiator Valves:
      • Connection Valves
        Connection Valves:
        • Accessories
        • Angled Version
        • Straight Version
      • Radiator Valve Bodies
        Radiator Valve Bodies:
        • Accessories
        • Valve Bodies (angled)
        • Valve Bodies (straight)
      • Thermostatic control heads
        Thermostatic control heads:
        • Accessories
        • Control Heads (Built-in Sensor)
        • Control Heads (Remote Sensor)
    • Zone Valves, Controls and Coil Kits
      Zone Valves, Controls and Coil Kits:
      • Motorized Ball Zone Valves
        Motorized Ball Zone Valves:
        • 2-way (high-flow, straight)
        • 2-way (straight)
        • 3-way (by-pass)
        • 3-way (diverting)
      • Motorized Zone Valves
        Motorized Zone Valves:
        • 2-way Bodies (straight flow)
        • 3-way Bodies (diverting flow)
        • Accessories
        • Actuators (normally closed)
        • Actuators (normally opened)
        • Z-one™ 2-way
      • Pressure Independent Control Valves (PICV)
        Pressure Independent Control Valves (PICV):
        • Accessories
        • FLOWMATIC® Express Coil Kit
        • FLOWMATIC®
      • Thermo-electric Zone Valves
        Thermo-electric Zone Valves:
        • Accessories
        • TwisTop™
      • Z-one™ Zone Controls
        Z-one™ Zone Controls:
        • Accessories
        • Pump Zone Controls
        • Valve Zone Controls
  • Education
    Education:
    • idronics™
    • Coffee with Caleffi™
    • Ask Caleffi Podcast
  • Company
    Company:
    • Corporate
    • The Group
    • History
    • Certifications
    • Mission
    • Portfolio
    • The Caleffi Green
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Hydronic Principles
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Blog

Hydronic Principles

Blog post categories list
Blog post categories list
Idronics Hydronic Principles Ask Caleffi Podcast Mixing Valves Air Separation Dirt Separation Domestic Hot Water Systems Water Quality Zone Valves and Radiator Valves Balancing Valves Renewable resources Coffee with Caleffi Q&A Zone Relay Controls Manifolds and Mixing Stations Hydraulic Separation Pressure Reducing Valves Filling and Backflow Prevention Certifications Engineering Tools and Documentation Heat Meters BIM Mixing Valves, Thermostatic
"The path of least resistance." Do I really need a balancing valve?
June 29, 2021

"The path of least resistance." Do I really need a balancing valve?

Ask Caleffi Podcast (Episode 6)
Read more
Are corrosion and noise signs of air in a hydronic system?
April 13, 2021

Are corrosion and noise signs of air in a hydronic system?

Ask Caleffi Podcast (Episode 3)
Read more
How Water Behaves in Hydronic Systems
April 10, 2017

How Water Behaves in Hydronic Systems

by Mark Olson, CEO of Caleffi North America, Inc.      as featured in HPAC Maga...
Read more
How do I know when a y-strainer needs to be cleaned out?
July 22, 2016

How do I know when a y-strainer needs to be cleaned out?

A Y-strainer is an in-line filter for hydronic systems. As the strainer starts trapping dirt, r...
Read more
Can I mount an air vent on top of your dirt separators?
May 24, 2016

Can I mount an air vent on top of your dirt separators?

Yes, you can. Air bubbles that make their way into the upper part of a dirt separator housing will b...
Read more
What is the bottom connection on the 551 Series DISCAL?
December 03, 2015

What is the bottom connection on the 551 Series DISCAL?

It is common practice to connect a boiler trim kit, or just an expansion tank, to the bottom of a Ca...
Read more
How is magnetite removed from a hydronic system?
November 20, 2015

How is magnetite removed from a hydronic system?

Magnetic dirt removal in hydronic heating and cooling systems is a hot topic these days. Check out t...
Read more
What is a reset schedule for a heating system? (outdoor reset)
November 12, 2015

What is a reset schedule for a heating system?

With outdoor reset, the system does not run at one fixed water temperature. It is called outdoor res...
Read more
What does magnetite in a hydronic system look like?
November 05, 2015

What does magnetite in a hydronic system look like?

Check out this amazing video showing how a Caleffi 5465 Series DIRTMAG is separating the magnetite o...
Read more
How do I determine head loss in a hydraulic separator?
October 07, 2015

How do I determine head loss in a hydraulic separator?

We get this question often:  "What is the pressure drop in my hydraulic separator?&qu...
Read more
How do I install a thermowell in your ThermoCon tanks?
September 17, 2015

How do I install a thermowell in your ThermoCon tanks?

All of Caleffi's storage tanks have multiple ports.  Installing a temperature sensor t...
Read more
Is there a difference between a buffer tank and a storage tank?
August 12, 2015

Is there a difference between a buffer tank and a storage tank?

Are they the same thing? What's different? Really a tank is a tank. Anytime we use a tank for...
Read more
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